Introduction/Background
Australian rules football is a faced paced, contact sport that requires athletes to deliver the ball efficiently and with purpose to a team mate. The most used mechanism to dispose of the ball is by foot, through the 'drop punt' kick technique. This technique allows players to successfully move the ball with precision to avoid opposition players and score a goal for the team (Millar, 2004).
(Source: Youtube, 2016)
Further Explanation of the Drop Punt Kick
Figure 1 : Movement Phases
Figure 1 pictured above shows an illustrated view of the movement progressions, when executing an effective drop punt kick.
'The Drop Punt' - Key Teaching Points
> Preparation: It is vital to set up correctly to ensure an efficient lengthy kick. In the first stages of the skill, it is important to ensure the athlete is in line with the individual they are trying to kick to, are holding the ball over their dominant kicking leg while slightly bending their head and neck over the football.
> Execution; The athlete should then begin to guide the ball down onto the foot with one hand, while maintaining a parallel core, continuously having the eyes on the ball until it leaves the boot and pointing their toes at the target while kicking through the ball.
> Follow through: It is important to then follow through the ball to ensure momentum is continued and the ball hits the indented target. The toe should stay pointed at the target, and momentum should take the athlete forwards.
(AFL Community Club, 2015)
'The Drop Punt' - Key Teaching Points
> Preparation: It is vital to set up correctly to ensure an efficient lengthy kick. In the first stages of the skill, it is important to ensure the athlete is in line with the individual they are trying to kick to, are holding the ball over their dominant kicking leg while slightly bending their head and neck over the football.
> Execution; The athlete should then begin to guide the ball down onto the foot with one hand, while maintaining a parallel core, continuously having the eyes on the ball until it leaves the boot and pointing their toes at the target while kicking through the ball.
> Follow through: It is important to then follow through the ball to ensure momentum is continued and the ball hits the indented target. The toe should stay pointed at the target, and momentum should take the athlete forwards.
(AFL Community Club, 2015)
The aim of this blog...
Executing a drop punt correctly takes practice. 'Drop punt' techniques can slightly vary from player to player which can cause massive effects on the accuracy of the disposal, and the distance the ball carries (Ball, 2008). This blog will attempt to address how the technique of a drop punt can influence force production, in specific reference to important, relevant biomechanical principles.
Key Biomechanical Concepts for Discussion
Newtons 3 Laws of Motion
Newton’s First law of motion
States that every object will remain at a state of uniform motion, or at rest and will remain in that state of motion, until an external force is applied to it. We must answer this question.
In a drop punt what object is at rest? The Football.
What external force is applied to the football to bring it from a resting state?
The external force applied to the football is from a player running with the ball then releasing the ball at hip height and guiding it vertically on to the dominant foot which is generating speed in an explosive action. Contact is then is made, causing the ball to move forward to the intended target.
Newton’s Second Law of motion
States that “The acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object”.
Force = Mass multiplied by acceleration (Blazevich, 2013), this is evident throughout the drop punt being kicked in excess of 25 meters. The force applied is by a players leg and foot through the football.
As the mass of the football always stays they same, the only way to generate greater distance of the ball is for the player to produce greater acceleration of the leg.
This will result in a greater ball speed at contact with the ball. Players do not need to have an excessive wind up of the leg to be able to create sufficient acceleration of the leg movement. Acceleration can be produced with the lower leg being closer to the primary source of power, in the case, the upper leg. The lower leg will generate speed and cause a quick knee extension which accelerates the lower leg. (Basic Mechanics of Kicking)
Newton’s Third Law of motion
States that “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force” (Blazevich, 2013). The equal and opposite reaction in the drop punt is established when the force of the foot makes contact with the ball thus propelling the ball to the desired location.
States that every object will remain at a state of uniform motion, or at rest and will remain in that state of motion, until an external force is applied to it. We must answer this question.
In a drop punt what object is at rest? The Football.
What external force is applied to the football to bring it from a resting state?
The external force applied to the football is from a player running with the ball then releasing the ball at hip height and guiding it vertically on to the dominant foot which is generating speed in an explosive action. Contact is then is made, causing the ball to move forward to the intended target.
Newton’s Second Law of motion
States that “The acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object”.
Force = Mass multiplied by acceleration (Blazevich, 2013), this is evident throughout the drop punt being kicked in excess of 25 meters. The force applied is by a players leg and foot through the football.
As the mass of the football always stays they same, the only way to generate greater distance of the ball is for the player to produce greater acceleration of the leg.
This will result in a greater ball speed at contact with the ball. Players do not need to have an excessive wind up of the leg to be able to create sufficient acceleration of the leg movement. Acceleration can be produced with the lower leg being closer to the primary source of power, in the case, the upper leg. The lower leg will generate speed and cause a quick knee extension which accelerates the lower leg. (Basic Mechanics of Kicking)
Newton’s Third Law of motion
States that “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force” (Blazevich, 2013). The equal and opposite reaction in the drop punt is established when the force of the foot makes contact with the ball thus propelling the ball to the desired location.
Range of Motion
Range of motion is classified as the "full movement potential of a joint" (MedicineNet, 2016). This can be applied to the Australian rules football specific example of the knee joint specifically the full movement potential in terms of flexion and extension (MedicineNet, 2016). An example of a restricted range of motion could be measured in degrees, such as: the knee joint has a 5 degree restricted range of motion due to an injury (MedicineNet, 2016).
Blazevich (2013) explains that the range of motion relationship with force production and distance is heavily influenced by the speed of the motion. When applied to an Australian rules football context this can be supported by Ball (2008), who further explains that the distance a drop punt travels is heavily associated with foot speed and thigh velocity.
Blazevich (2013) explains that the range of motion relationship with force production and distance is heavily influenced by the speed of the motion. When applied to an Australian rules football context this can be supported by Ball (2008), who further explains that the distance a drop punt travels is heavily associated with foot speed and thigh velocity.
(Source: Youtube, 2016)
The video above details two important aspects of 'drop punt' leg mechanics in relation to range of motion. The knee bend and speed of which that lever travels through the air has influential effects on kicking distance and force production (Ball, 2008). Furthermore, thigh speed and hip range are also important components in generating successful force in the 'drop punt' kick (Young, Et. Al, 2003).
The range of motion and more importantly a restricted range of motion in a 'drop punt' kick can have serious implications on the ability for an athlete to generate force through the ball when executing the skill (Blazevich, 2013). If an athletes range of motion is restricted, this can cause a decrease in the amount of distance and time the kicker can use to generate angular velocity and in turn produce force through the ball (Blazevich, 2013).
This outcome can have adverse effects during game play when trying to clear the ball a long way or increase the likelihood of injury (Fong, Et. Al, 2011). For example, when running out of defense, if a half back flank has a restricted knee flexion range of motion they will have difficulty generating the required force to enable the kick to clear the defense and hit their team mates with the kick.
The importance of range of motion in the knee joint is further explained in the above video as an Australian rules football 'drop punt' kick example.
The range of motion and more importantly a restricted range of motion in a 'drop punt' kick can have serious implications on the ability for an athlete to generate force through the ball when executing the skill (Blazevich, 2013). If an athletes range of motion is restricted, this can cause a decrease in the amount of distance and time the kicker can use to generate angular velocity and in turn produce force through the ball (Blazevich, 2013).
This outcome can have adverse effects during game play when trying to clear the ball a long way or increase the likelihood of injury (Fong, Et. Al, 2011). For example, when running out of defense, if a half back flank has a restricted knee flexion range of motion they will have difficulty generating the required force to enable the kick to clear the defense and hit their team mates with the kick.
The importance of range of motion in the knee joint is further explained in the above video as an Australian rules football 'drop punt' kick example.
Angular Momentum
(Angular Velocity + Moment of Inertia)
Angular momentum- “Is the product of the moment of inertia and angular velocity; angular analogue of linear momentum” (Blazevich, 2013).
Angular velocity- “Is the rate of change in angular displacement; equal to angular displacement per unit time” (Blazevich, 2013).
Moment of Inertia- “Is the tendency for a rotating body to remain in its present state of motion; equal to the product of an object and its radius of gyration” (Blazevich, 2013).
Angular momentum, angular velocity and moment of inertia are all essential when it comes to the principles of the drop punt sequence. The angular velocity is the rate of change a player’s leg produces as they rotate through the body’s axis (Blazevich, 2013). Once the player’s leg is moving with at a high angular velocity, it is also then producing angular momentum as it is moving through an angle. The moment of inertia is when a player moves their leg through during the swing phase of a kick.
Angular momentum- “Is the product of the moment of inertia and angular velocity; angular analogue of linear momentum” (Blazevich, 2013).
Angular velocity- “Is the rate of change in angular displacement; equal to angular displacement per unit time” (Blazevich, 2013).
Moment of Inertia- “Is the tendency for a rotating body to remain in its present state of motion; equal to the product of an object and its radius of gyration” (Blazevich, 2013).
Angular momentum, angular velocity and moment of inertia are all essential when it comes to the principles of the drop punt sequence. The angular velocity is the rate of change a player’s leg produces as they rotate through the body’s axis (Blazevich, 2013). Once the player’s leg is moving with at a high angular velocity, it is also then producing angular momentum as it is moving through an angle. The moment of inertia is when a player moves their leg through during the swing phase of a kick.
Figure 2: Kicking Sequences
Supporting Leg plant:
When the player is ready to kick the ball the supporting leg is driven further forward than normal, having the heel or rear foot making contact forwards towards the ground. This causes a backward ground force reaction which brakes or slows a player’s momentum (Blazevich, 2013). The heal strike in figure 2 shows the braking force of the leg on contact with the ground.
When the player is ready to kick the ball the supporting leg is driven further forward than normal, having the heel or rear foot making contact forwards towards the ground. This causes a backward ground force reaction which brakes or slows a player’s momentum (Blazevich, 2013). The heal strike in figure 2 shows the braking force of the leg on contact with the ground.
Figure 3: Ground Reaction Force
Figure 4: Absorbed Ground Force
Impulse-Momentum Relationship
Impulse momentum relationship: is the relationship between impulse and momentum; the momentum of an object will change in proportion to the sum of applied impulses. (Blazevich, 2013)
Leg Swing:
When running the player wants to accelerate the body forward by increasing the propulsive impulse. This causes a ground reaction that is delivered in a backwards direction. The impulse momentum direction can be both vertically or mediolateral better known as a sideways action, the greater the propulsive impulse the greater the speed of the player which results in greater force production.
For a player to produce greater force when kicking the ball, they need to produce force from angular momentum which is done with the leg swing action. For a player to produce greater kicking force; the leg swing and angle of the upper and lower leg are key.
If a player has a greater range of motion through the hip joint then they will have the potential to generate more force through the thigh. During the back swing phase, the knee as aforementioned needs to be flexed, so that the angle of the knee is as small as possible. This results in the foot being close to the body, which aids the manipulation of inertia. This is also relevant Newton’s second law of motion.
Once a player transitions into the forward swinging action, a number of actions must take place in order to produce the required amount of force, to make the ball travel the desired distance and hit the intended target.
Leg Swing:
When running the player wants to accelerate the body forward by increasing the propulsive impulse. This causes a ground reaction that is delivered in a backwards direction. The impulse momentum direction can be both vertically or mediolateral better known as a sideways action, the greater the propulsive impulse the greater the speed of the player which results in greater force production.
For a player to produce greater force when kicking the ball, they need to produce force from angular momentum which is done with the leg swing action. For a player to produce greater kicking force; the leg swing and angle of the upper and lower leg are key.
If a player has a greater range of motion through the hip joint then they will have the potential to generate more force through the thigh. During the back swing phase, the knee as aforementioned needs to be flexed, so that the angle of the knee is as small as possible. This results in the foot being close to the body, which aids the manipulation of inertia. This is also relevant Newton’s second law of motion.
Once a player transitions into the forward swinging action, a number of actions must take place in order to produce the required amount of force, to make the ball travel the desired distance and hit the intended target.
Figure 5: Great Example of Ideal Knee Flexion and Foot Plant
Arm Swing:
While the leg is moving forward, the opposite arm leaves the ball and starts to generate power by swinging to the side of the body. This generated arm power helps increase leg power, resulting in Newton’s first law of an equal and opposite reaction force. This provides the player with a greater velocity when making contact with the ball, resulting in the ball traveling a longer distance.
Ball Contact:
The contact between the ball and foot is seen as one of the most import parts of the kicking action. The ball should make contact with the foot around knee height; the foot should have a straight instep (United States Australian Football League) ; the ball needs to make contact at the ankle joint or at the hump of the foot as this is the strongest part of the foot, and has more stability the lower foot region (and also prevents future injuries to the foot). This action allows for solid contact between the ball and foot, and results in the correct execution of the drop punt. This contributes to an increased amount of generated force and a greater distance of ball travel. (Basic Mechanics of Kicking).
Arm Swing:
While the leg is moving forward, the opposite arm leaves the ball and starts to generate power by swinging to the side of the body. This generated arm power helps increase leg power, resulting in Newton’s first law of an equal and opposite reaction force. This provides the player with a greater velocity when making contact with the ball, resulting in the ball traveling a longer distance.
Ball Contact:
The contact between the ball and foot is seen as one of the most import parts of the kicking action. The ball should make contact with the foot around knee height; the foot should have a straight instep (United States Australian Football League) ; the ball needs to make contact at the ankle joint or at the hump of the foot as this is the strongest part of the foot, and has more stability the lower foot region (and also prevents future injuries to the foot). This action allows for solid contact between the ball and foot, and results in the correct execution of the drop punt. This contributes to an increased amount of generated force and a greater distance of ball travel. (Basic Mechanics of Kicking).
Follow through:
The follow through action is designed to continue to develop power throughout the entire kicking action and to provide the player with a forward momentum to allow them to continue running after the kicking stride. The follow through also allows for a player to have a greater rate of accuracy as they will point their toes towards the target (Barfield, 1998).
Follow through:
The follow through action is designed to continue to develop power throughout the entire kicking action and to provide the player with a forward momentum to allow them to continue running after the kicking stride. The follow through also allows for a player to have a greater rate of accuracy as they will point their toes towards the target (Barfield, 1998).
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy can be defined as energy that is present throughout a body, due to the presence of motion (Blazevich, 2013). The generation of kinetic energy through the 'drop punt' kicking technique in Australian rules football emerges an important factor in force production. Kinetic energy present throughout the 'drop punt' can have positive associations with foot speed and total force production (Backtash, Et. Al, 2009). As previously mentioned, the leg swing and the connection between the ball and foot increases the distance covered, allowing greater lengths in effective kicks. Backtash Et. Al, (2009) elaborate and are quoted:
"The generation of kinetic energy begins at the hip, and as the swinging leg comes around, a sequential transfer of momentum from the hip segments to the foot segment which causes a proportional increase in foot speed".
In terms of generating greater kinetic energy, this increase should occur consistently with an increase in the velocity of the leg swing (Blazevich, 2013). This is due to the relationship between mass and the velocity of a body when considering kinetic energy. For example, if a player aims to increase foot speed and leg angular velocity during the movement phases of a 'drop punt' this will increase the generated kinetic energy. This increase in kinetic energy can also be achieved by increasing the mass of the object without manipulating velocity.
However, it should be noted that the ability for an athlete to generate high amounts of kinetic energy through the ball, does not necessarily coincide with a greater force production through the skill (Backtash, Et. Al, 2009). The main concern between kicking distance and the application of kinetic energy through the skill in a 'drop punt' should be placed on the efficiency of the energy transfer between the athlete and the ball (Backtash, Et. AL, 2009).
Increased efficiency of this kinetic energy transfer can be achieved by decreasing the amount of wasted kinetic energy through the energy transfer, and maximizing the amount of useful energy present throughout the energy transfer (Stileappcom, 2016).
"The generation of kinetic energy begins at the hip, and as the swinging leg comes around, a sequential transfer of momentum from the hip segments to the foot segment which causes a proportional increase in foot speed".
In terms of generating greater kinetic energy, this increase should occur consistently with an increase in the velocity of the leg swing (Blazevich, 2013). This is due to the relationship between mass and the velocity of a body when considering kinetic energy. For example, if a player aims to increase foot speed and leg angular velocity during the movement phases of a 'drop punt' this will increase the generated kinetic energy. This increase in kinetic energy can also be achieved by increasing the mass of the object without manipulating velocity.
However, it should be noted that the ability for an athlete to generate high amounts of kinetic energy through the ball, does not necessarily coincide with a greater force production through the skill (Backtash, Et. Al, 2009). The main concern between kicking distance and the application of kinetic energy through the skill in a 'drop punt' should be placed on the efficiency of the energy transfer between the athlete and the ball (Backtash, Et. AL, 2009).
Increased efficiency of this kinetic energy transfer can be achieved by decreasing the amount of wasted kinetic energy through the energy transfer, and maximizing the amount of useful energy present throughout the energy transfer (Stileappcom, 2016).
Figure 6: Sankey Efficiency Diagram
(Stileappcom, 2016)
Potential Energy
Potential energy can be defined as the energy that can be 'potentially' generated, relative to position (Barfield, 1998). For example, a basketballer attempting a jump shot in a stationary position has the 'potential' to accumulate a certain amount of kinetic energy through the jump shot motion. This is dictated by the amount of potential energy their set up position allows (Tsaousidis & Zatsiorsky, 1996).
An athlete can manipulate their positioning in an attempt to enhance their 'potential energy' (Blazevich, 2013). This in turn can increase total mechanical energy present in the kinetic chain and allow the athlete to generate more force throughout the execution of a skill (Cavagna, Heglund & Taylor, 1977).
This methodology can be applied to the 'drop punt' kick. If a footballer is attempting to have a set shot 'drop punt' kick for goal, the greater the distance they can create between the start of the leg swing and the contact point between the boot and the football, the more room there is for 'potential' energy to be created (Blazevich, 2013). This theory comes back to the aforementioned leg bend when discussing range of motion. The more flexion that occurs in the knee joint throughout the knee bend phase, the greater movement potential or 'potential' energy there will be. This due to the increase in distance between the boot and the football allowing for more time for the lever to gain momentum and generate more force (Blazevich, 2013).
The YouTube clip in the 'Range of Motion' section explores the knee bend in further detail. In addition, the below figure shows an elite level (professional) Australian rules footballer executing a 'drop punt' with a well developed, highly flexed knee bend (beyond 90 degrees).
An athlete can manipulate their positioning in an attempt to enhance their 'potential energy' (Blazevich, 2013). This in turn can increase total mechanical energy present in the kinetic chain and allow the athlete to generate more force throughout the execution of a skill (Cavagna, Heglund & Taylor, 1977).
This methodology can be applied to the 'drop punt' kick. If a footballer is attempting to have a set shot 'drop punt' kick for goal, the greater the distance they can create between the start of the leg swing and the contact point between the boot and the football, the more room there is for 'potential' energy to be created (Blazevich, 2013). This theory comes back to the aforementioned leg bend when discussing range of motion. The more flexion that occurs in the knee joint throughout the knee bend phase, the greater movement potential or 'potential' energy there will be. This due to the increase in distance between the boot and the football allowing for more time for the lever to gain momentum and generate more force (Blazevich, 2013).
The YouTube clip in the 'Range of Motion' section explores the knee bend in further detail. In addition, the below figure shows an elite level (professional) Australian rules footballer executing a 'drop punt' with a well developed, highly flexed knee bend (beyond 90 degrees).
Answer
Through extensive analysis of the most used skill in Australian rules football, the 'drop punt', some biomechanical conclusions can be drawn between a players technique and the amount of force that they can produce.
Newton's first law of motion states that an object will remain at rest, until a force is applied to that object. With this in mind, through analysis of the skill, the conclusion can be drawn that the greater the foot speed before contact with the football in the leg swing, the greater the amount of force that will be generated.
Newton's second law of motion highlights that not only the speed of the foot but also the acceleration of the dominant kicking leg, starting from the hip, and sequentially unfolding through the knee and ankle joints, is a major component in an athletes abilities to produce force through the execution of 'drop punt' skill.
Newtons third law of motion essentially expands on these conclusions through equal and opposite reaction. The timing of the ball connection, in conjunction with leg acceleration and foot speed can be identified as the three main conclusions from Newton's three laws of motion.
An athletes range of motion, specifically within their knee and hip joints can have immense implications on a footballers ability to produce force through the 'drop punt' movement. Through analysis of the skill, it is identified that these range of motion components provide the athletes with an opportunity to increase angular velocity thus increasing angular momentum an allows more force to be transfer through the ball.
Kinetic and potential energy have been identified as important characteristics of kicking technique, when concerned with force production. Essentially, an athletes ability to put themselves in the ideal position to accumulate as much potential energy as possible will allow them to generate more mechanical energy through the skill and produce more force through the football. Furthermore, the kinetic energy that is produced during the execution of the skill, can have increasing benefits on force production through the 'drop punt' kick. This conclusion is drawn on the basis that the more efficient the transfer of kinetic energy through the technique of the drop punt is, the greater force that can be produced through the football.
Newton's first law of motion states that an object will remain at rest, until a force is applied to that object. With this in mind, through analysis of the skill, the conclusion can be drawn that the greater the foot speed before contact with the football in the leg swing, the greater the amount of force that will be generated.
Newton's second law of motion highlights that not only the speed of the foot but also the acceleration of the dominant kicking leg, starting from the hip, and sequentially unfolding through the knee and ankle joints, is a major component in an athletes abilities to produce force through the execution of 'drop punt' skill.
Newtons third law of motion essentially expands on these conclusions through equal and opposite reaction. The timing of the ball connection, in conjunction with leg acceleration and foot speed can be identified as the three main conclusions from Newton's three laws of motion.
An athletes range of motion, specifically within their knee and hip joints can have immense implications on a footballers ability to produce force through the 'drop punt' movement. Through analysis of the skill, it is identified that these range of motion components provide the athletes with an opportunity to increase angular velocity thus increasing angular momentum an allows more force to be transfer through the ball.
Kinetic and potential energy have been identified as important characteristics of kicking technique, when concerned with force production. Essentially, an athletes ability to put themselves in the ideal position to accumulate as much potential energy as possible will allow them to generate more mechanical energy through the skill and produce more force through the football. Furthermore, the kinetic energy that is produced during the execution of the skill, can have increasing benefits on force production through the 'drop punt' kick. This conclusion is drawn on the basis that the more efficient the transfer of kinetic energy through the technique of the drop punt is, the greater force that can be produced through the football.
How can this information be used further?
Biomechanical Intervention - A 5 step method qualitative analysis
Step 1:
Part A) What are the biomechanical goals of the 'drop punt' kick?
- To identify points in technique that can be manipulated and improved to produce greater force through the kick.
Part B) Which parts of the skill are most relevant to improving force production?
- The range of motion in both the knee and hip joints.
- The foot speed and acceleration of the dominant leg through the ball.
- The angular velocity of the dominant leg.
- The ability to efficiently transfer potential and kinetic energy through the kinetic chain.
These components have been identified as key factors in producing force throughout the 'drop punt' technique. The ability for an athlete to flex both their hip and knee joint extensively aids their ability to generate kinetic energy, produce angular momentum and increase their foot speed and leg acceleration throughout the movement.
Step 2: The next step is to conduct a biomechanical analysis of the athletes technique flaws in relation to the above discussed essential force production components.
Step 3: The athletes personal characteristics should then be assessed (strength, power, flexibility, age, experience etc.).
Step 4 and 5: Design learning opportunities for the athlete to improve their technique or other personal characteristics that will aid the goal of force production.
The first learning opportunities that should be addressed are the basic technique flaws. Technique flaws could then be coupled with personal characteristic improvements such as power, flexibility and motor skill coordination.
The use of teaching cues, game sense pedagogy, teaching games for understanding and skill based drills should be considered in physical education or sport training situations in which this qualitative analysis is performed.
Step 1:
Part A) What are the biomechanical goals of the 'drop punt' kick?
- To identify points in technique that can be manipulated and improved to produce greater force through the kick.
Part B) Which parts of the skill are most relevant to improving force production?
- The range of motion in both the knee and hip joints.
- The foot speed and acceleration of the dominant leg through the ball.
- The angular velocity of the dominant leg.
- The ability to efficiently transfer potential and kinetic energy through the kinetic chain.
These components have been identified as key factors in producing force throughout the 'drop punt' technique. The ability for an athlete to flex both their hip and knee joint extensively aids their ability to generate kinetic energy, produce angular momentum and increase their foot speed and leg acceleration throughout the movement.
Step 2: The next step is to conduct a biomechanical analysis of the athletes technique flaws in relation to the above discussed essential force production components.
Step 3: The athletes personal characteristics should then be assessed (strength, power, flexibility, age, experience etc.).
Step 4 and 5: Design learning opportunities for the athlete to improve their technique or other personal characteristics that will aid the goal of force production.
The first learning opportunities that should be addressed are the basic technique flaws. Technique flaws could then be coupled with personal characteristic improvements such as power, flexibility and motor skill coordination.
The use of teaching cues, game sense pedagogy, teaching games for understanding and skill based drills should be considered in physical education or sport training situations in which this qualitative analysis is performed.
References
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- Tsaousidis, N., & Zatsiorsky, V. (1996). Two types of ball-effector interaction and their relative contribution to soccer kicking. Human Movement Science,15(6), 861-876.
- United States Australian Football League. (n.d.). Retrieved from Australian Rules Football Skills Guide: https://womensfooty.com/files/training/skills_guide.pdf.
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